Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the sub-domain of computing. The goal of research for Artificial Intelligence is to develop programs (software), which will enable computers to behave in a way that is characterized as intelligent. The first researches relate to the very roots of computing. The idea of ​​creating machines that will be able to perform various tasks intelligently was the central preoccupation of computer science researchers who ventured to research artificial intelligence throughout the second half of the 20th century. Today, research in artificial intelligence is focused on expert systems, translation systems in limited domains, the recognition of human speech and written text, automatic proofers of the theorem, as well as the constant interest in creating generally intelligent, autonomous agents.
Artificial intelligence as a term in a wider sense means the capacity of an artificial creation to realize functions that are a characteristic of human thinking. The possibility of developing a similar creation has awakened people’s interest since ancient times. However, only in the second half of the 20th century, such a possibility was given to the first tool (computers), which opened the way for this venture.
With the advent of modern science, Artificial Intelligence research is developing over two basic directions: psychological and physiological research of the nature of the human mind, and the technological development of increasingly complex information systems.
In this sense, the term AI is initially attributed to systems and computer programs with the capacity to realize complex tasks, simulating the functioning of human thinking, although even today, is quite far from the goal. In this sphere, the most important areas of research are the processing of information, the recognition of models from different areas of knowledge, games and applied areas, such as medicine, for example.
Some areas of today’s information processing research are concentrating on programs that seek to train a computer to understand written and verbal information, create summaries, give answers to specific questions, or redistribute data to users interested in certain parts of that information. In these programs, it is essential to have the capacity of a system to create grammatically correct sentences and to establish a connection between words and ideas, or the identification of meanings. Research has shown that while the problems of the structural logic of the language, or its syntax, can be solved by programming the appropriate algorithms, the problem of meaning, or semantics, is much deeper and goes towards authentic artificial intelligence.[1]
The main tendencies today for the development of the AI system are the development of expert systems and the development of neural networks. Expert systems try to reproduce human thought over the symbols. Neural networks do it more from a biological perspective (they recreate the structure of the human brain using genetic algorithms). Despite the complexity of both systems, the results are far from real intelligent thinking.
Many scientists are skeptics of the possibility of developing a true Artificial Intelligence. The functioning of human thinking is still not deeper known, for whatever reason, the information design of intelligent systems will be essentially incapable of presenting these unknown and complex processes for an even longer period of time.
Research in AI focuses on the following intelligence components: learning, thinking, problem solving, perception and language usage.
It has already been pointed out that AI represents a novelty in the history of humanity and that it is a revolutionary agent of science, economics, health, culture, and society in the widest sense.
